Organic photovoltaic cells, including dye-sensitized cells (DSCs) - may be the ultimate when it comes to offering off-grid, micro-power generation. Initial small-scale technology and market tests — solar chargers for mobile phones in Africa, for example - are under way as researchers continue to try to find ways to boost solar energy conversion efficiencies — which now surpass 5% for small organic PV cells and up to 11% for DSCs - minimize production costs and develop markets for both small- and large-scale applications.